Size Reduction Southward in Michigan's Mustard White Butterfly, Pieris Napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[Excerpt] The mustard white, Pieris napi (Linnaeus) is generally considered to be a circumboreal species or species-complex. Much disagreement exists regarding the classification in this group, the members of which are extremely diverse, especially in Eurasia. There is evidently "a continuous range of differentiation, from local populations, through subspecies, to species, which nomenclature cannot fully reflect" (Bowden 1972). In North America the major controversy has been whether the so-called West Virginia white, P. virginiensis Edwards, should be separated as a distinct species. Most writers today agree that it should. Of the mustard white in the Great Lakes area, the local subspecies is genelally treated as P. napi oleracea Hams (for summary ofthe taxonomicproblems, cf. Howe [1975]). This taxonoccurs extensively in Canada, and down into Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where it becomes progressively less common southward. It is two-brooded, the members of the first brood commonly flying together with the univoltine virginiensis where their ranges overlap (Voss and Wagner 1956). Where they occur together, the two taxa are easily recognized and separated, but in the southern mountains, where napi is absent, the Appalachian form of virginiensis resembles the summer form of napi (Wagner 1978).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".