Perchloroetylene and Dibutyltin Dichloride Removal from Packed Column by Surfactant Solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surfactant enhanced remediation is viewed as a potential method for removing organometallic compounds from contaminated aquifers. Dibutyltin dichloride (DBT), as a representative organometallic compound, was applied in sand packed columns to observe its solubilization behavior compared to that of perchloroetylene (PCE), a normal organic solvent. Ottawa sand was used as the porous media. A mixture of DBT and PCE was applied as the contaminant. The tracer study exhibited the plug flow condition with a retention time of 79.9 min. The surfactant solution was a mixture of 3.6 wt% SDHS and 0.4 wt% C16DPDS with various concentrations of CaCl2.The column experiments were carried out by single and gradient surfactant systems. The effluent exhibited a general solubilization pattern for PCE, governed by a rate limiting mechanism. However, the concentration of DBT in the effluent observed in every experiment was just a slice of its solubilization capacity.The adsorption of DBT on the sand was suspected to be the cause of the problem. The solubilization of DBT by a surfactant was ineffective at removing DBT from the contaminated media. It may be concluded that DBT exhibits the properties of both an organic and inorganic compound; it could be solubilized by a surfactant and absorbed strongly on sand. Nevertheless, the results indicate that trapped DBT could be removed by mobilization in the form of a PCE-DBT mixture and that adsorption could be prevented by a very low pH condition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".