Differences in the anatomical connectivity patterns of the lateral geniculate nucleus between subjects with dyslexia and controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Dyslexia is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by normal intelligence but difficulties in skills associated with reading and writing. Reading is a complex skill that requires the coordination of multiple brain regions and relies on neural systems spread across the brain. Dyslexia has been linked to abnormal connectivity patterns throughout the cortex and to morphological abnormalities of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). This is the first study to compare the anatomical connectivity of the LGN between subjects with dyslexia and controls. Methods: Diffusion (TR=5300ms, TE=95ms, b=1000s/mm2, resolution=1.56x1.56x3 mm3), T1 (TR=2200ms, TE=2.96, resolution=1x1x1mm3) and proton density (PD) weighted images (TR=2970ms, TE=22ms, resolution=0.75x0.75x1mm3) were acquired in 12 subjects with dyslexia and 12 controls. Six independent experimenters manually traced the LGN on the PD. One experimenter traced the corpus callosum and optic chiasm on the T1. This was done frame-by-frame in the coronal plane using FSLVIEW. The anatomical location of V1 and V5 was determined by transforming the 1mm MNI template to each subjects’ anatomical space using non-linear transformation (ANTS). The following steps were taken to analyze the diffusion data: eddy current and head motion correction, brain extraction, diffusion tensors fitting, and probabilistic tractography. Tractography was run in ProbtrackX between the LGN and the optic chiasm and ipsilateral and contralateral V1/ V5. Results: The anatomical connectivity of the LGN with the optic chiasm and ipsilateral V1 was significantly reduced in subjects with dyslexia (p< .005). The contralateral connections between the LGN and V1/V5 were higher in dyslexia (p< .005). Conclusion: The results obtained using probabilistic tractography provide the first evidence of changes in the anatomical connectivity of the LGN in subjects with dyslexia. We demonstrated that differences in the anatomical connectivity patterns can be found from the chiasm to V1. The functional implications of these changes are unknown. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".