Cardiac arrest care and emergency medical services in Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Heart disease is the primary cause of mortality in Canada and survival to hospital discharge from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is low. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Canada. METHODS: A national, descriptive, Utstein-style analysis of cardiac arrest care and emergency medical services was conducted. Data were compiled from five sources: the City of Edmonton Emergency Response Department, the British Columbia Ambulance Service, the Nova Scotia Emergency Health Services, the Urgences-santé corporation of the Montreal Metropolitan region and the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) Study database. RESULTS: There were 5288 cardiac arrests from a range of small communities to large provincial cardiac arrest registries in 2002. They were men (62.6% to 70.1%) in their sixties and seventies, witnessed (35.2% to 55.0%), rarely receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (14.7% to 46.0%), often in asystole (35.7% to 51.3%), arresting at home (56.1%) and rarely surviving to hospital discharge (4.3% to 9.0%). Bystander CPR and early first responder defibrillation were significantly associated with increased survival. Cardiac arrest incidence rates per 100,000 varied between 53 and 59 among provinces and followed a downward trend. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study could be an important first step toward a national cardiac arrest registry comparing the impact of regional differences in patient and system characteristics. Many communities do not have accurate data on their performance with regards to the chain of survival, or need to significantly improve their capacity for providing citizen bystander CPR and rapid first responder defibrillation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".