Status and Distribution of the Kittlitz's Murrelet Brachyramphus Brevirostris in Kenai Fjords, Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The two species of murrelet co-occur in Alaska, although the Marbled Murrelet uses a wider range of coastal habitats than Kittlitz's Murrelet .Kittlitz's Murrelets are associated with strong tidal currents (Kissling et al . 2007) and prefer glacial-affected, nearshore and highly turbid marine waters (Day et al . 2003) .The availability of near-surface prey within the turbid glacial plumes (Weslawski et al . 2000, Abookire et al . 2002, Arimitsu 2009) may explain the preference of Kittlitz's Murrelets for this type of habitat .Marbled Murrelets are more closely tied to shoreline habitats, and they are often associated with areas of upwelling near marine sills, mouths of bays or eddies (Piatt et al. 2007) .In the Kenai Fjords region of Alaska, Marbled Murrelets prefer shallow, ice-free waters over other habitat types (Arimitsu 2009) .The cryptic and solitary breeding habits of murrelets make it necessary to census the birds at sea in Alaska .Previous surveys for marine birds were conducted along coastal areas of the Kenai Peninsula between 1976 and 2008(Bailey 1977, Nishimoto & Rice 1987, Bailey & Rice 1989, Van Pelt & Piatt 2003) .However, the estimation of population trends for murrelets is hampered by varying proportions of unidentified murrelets (i .e .murrelets not identified to species; Piatt et al .2007, Appendix J), and high variance in counts due to biological and physical factors that affect their movements and abundance at sea (Speckman et al . 2000, Piatt et al .2007) .Our main objectives were: (1) to describe the at-sea distribution and abundance of Kittlitz's Murrelet in the coastal areas of Kenai Fjords National Park during 3 years (2006)(2007)(2008) in which we conducted extensive surveys, and (2) to examine historical data and determine whether any inferences can be made regarding population trends of Kittlitz's Murrelet in Kenai Fjords .Although Marbled Murrelets differ from Kittlitz's Murrelets in density and distribution within the study area, the overlap in habitat use and difficulties of identification required data to be collected on both species .Therefore, we present information on both murrelet species, focusing our attention on the less common Kittlitz's Murrelet .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".