Disorders of the Small Airways: High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Features
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several infectious and noninfectious processes may affect predominantly or exclusively the small airways and result in reversible or irreversible abnormalities. Small-airway diseases can be considered as synonymous with bronchiolitis and can be classified into three main categories: (a) obliterative (constrictive) bronchiolitis, (b) cellular bronchiolitis, and (c) respiratory bronchiolitis. The introduction of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has led to a considerable improvement in our ability to diagnose small-airway diseases. The characteristic HRCT findings of obliterative bronchiolitis consist of areas of decreased attenuation and vascularity with blood flow redistribution resulting in areas of increased lung attenuation and vascularity ("mosaic perfusion" pattern). In cellular bronchiolitis, the characteristic HRCT findings consist of centrilobular nodules and branching opacities ("tree-in-bud" pattern). Finally, bilateral areas of ground-glass attenuation and/or poorly defined centrilobular nodules are characteristic of respiratory bronchiolitis and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). This article reviews the clinical, pathological, and HRCT features of some of the most common small-airway diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".