Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the late 1980s, Uganda was widely viewed as the country most affected by HIV/AIDS in the world. By 1989, all districts of Uganda were affected with a rural infection rate approaching 18 percent and an urban rate of 30 percent. The Ugandan government’s response chose to focus primarily on reforming sexual behaviour, despite evidence pointing to deficient medical practices as a primary cause of the AIDS outbreak. This paper uses the theory of ‘causal stories’, developed by Deborah Stone, to explain how political issues are framed and policy responses formed. More specifically, it will explain that the story of “sexual promiscuity” closely aligned with pre-existing societal values and reinforced existing political structures. In contrast, the story of “institutional health care failure” would lead to a loss of public support for the government. This paper argues that there are several reasons why the causal story of sexual promiscuity was more successful than the causal story of institutional failure. First, it was supported by pre-existing programs and cultural values of international, religious and political groups. Second, international donors were also important factors in the creation of Uganda’s AIDS policies. More than 70 percent of Uganda’s funding comes from international sources, and foreign NGOs delivered a substantial amount of Uganda’s health care. Accordingly, Uganda was hesitant to focus on deficient medical practices as a primary cause for the spread of AIDS as it could possibly lead to public discontent on foreign sources and jeopardizing foreign funding. Third, the causal story of sexual promiscuity helped protect the existing political order. This causal story strategically blamed HIV/AIDS’ victims for their immoral sexual behaviour rather than governmental health policies for the misuse of needles and syringes. Last, the argument of sexual promiscuity was supported by the scientific community by conducting studies which focused only on high-risk populations and by not focusing on hospitals as a source for transmission. As a result, government officials initiated an aggressive nationwide campaign to prevent the spread of AIDS. This campaign argued that the AIDS epidemic in Uganda was caused by grossly promiscuous sexual activity. The dominant message of early HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns encouraged individuals to be faithful to their partner and to have ‘zero-grazing’ behavior. Overall, Uganda’s abstinence and faithfulness campaign launched in 1987 promoted behavioural change by encouraging young people to delay the initiation of sex and urged sexually active adults to reduce their number of sexual partners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.016 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".