Jurisprudencia y transporte aéreo: de la liberalización a la protección de los derechos de los pasajeros
Bibliographic record
Abstract
espanolEl transporte aereo es uno de los elementos mas importantes en la configuracion de los modernos viajes combinados. Desde el ario 86, con la sentencia Nouvelles Frontilres se abre el proceso de liberalizacion en la UE, proceso que va acompanado de diversas medidas tendentes a incrementar la de los pasajeros ante las circunstancias que pueden afectar directamente al disfrute de sus vacaciones. Sin embargo, estas medidas tambien suponen un grado de proteccion para los transportistas, que pueden, en virtud de la concesion de la norma, incumplir el contrato de manera legal practicando denegaciones de embarque, cancelaciones y retrasos. 20 anos despues de la apertura del proceso, se cierra una parte del ciclo con la sentencia TATA, que reconoce la legalidad de la nueva normativa de overbooking y su plena compatibilidad con las normas internacionales, especialmente el Conve- nio de Montreal. Un analisis detallado de la jurisprudencia espanola reciente nos lleva a la conclusion de que las companias son condenadas a indemnizar en la mayoria de las ocasiones y que, a menudo tambien, la responsabilidad que les corresponde se hace recaer de manera directa en las agencias de viajes en virtud de la aplicacion del principio de solidaridad establecido en el tan criticado y poco claro articulo de la LVC. En definitiva, las companias estan sacando provecho de la situacion normativa actual, incluso despues de haber visto confirmada la plena legalidad del reglamento UE 261/2004 de 11 de febrero, que, curiosamente incremento las indemnizaciones a satisfacer en caso de incumplimiento contractual, pero no hasta el limite cuantitativo que se habia previsto por la Comision en algunas de las propuestas previas. English: More and more the UE have tried to protect the aerial consumers against all the setbacks which can harm directly to the enjoy of passengers holidays. That is why, millions of these passengers book package tours as a travel service which consists in a combination of two or all of the following three components: transport, accommodation and organised activities; since the Package Travel Regulation demands responsibility to the Travel Agency who acts as the intermediary and must take over all the diales. According .to the recent Spanish Judgements, we can say that in the most pant of the judicial sentences the aerial companies are condemned to pay compensations. Nevertheless, in the case of package tours, the Judges can set a shared responsibility between the Company and the Travel Agency. Unfortunately, the Jurisprudence does not follow always the same judicial decision due to the ambiguity of that Law which does not clarify these matters in an optimum way. On the other hand, in spite of the aerial users protection, JATA accepts the legality of some aerial methods like the overbooking, which should not have been considered in that way, because tisis specific refused of boarding is, indeed, another breach of contract.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".