Examples of North American salt marshes and coastal wetlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points Arctic wetlands are especially susceptible to damage from climate warming impacts, including permafrost melting, erosion and storm surges; subarctic wetlands are shaped by freeze–thaw cycles and overgrazing by waterfowl; West Coast earthquakes, tsunamis and glacier surges are added stressors in subarctic marshes; temperate marshes of the mountainous West Coast are in isolated valleys, sometimes disconnected from tidal exchange; temperate East Coast marshes are extensive, but altered by farming, frequent hurricanes and ‘nor’easter’ storms; Bay of Fundy megatidal marshes sequester much carbon despite erosion by massive winter ice blocks; subtropical wetlands of Florida and Mexico have shrubby mangroves fringed by brackish water swamp cedars or desert palms and cactus scrub; microtidal Mississippi Delta marshes include floating vegetation islands; tropical mangroves have a high diversity of tall trees and shrubs, particularly in Central America. Arctic Coast: Mackenzie Delta region of the Beaufort Sea The Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth, bringing dramatic reductions in sea ice extent, altered weather, and thawing permafrost. Implications of these changes include rapid coastal erosion. . . and unpredictable impacts on subsistence activities and critical social needs. (Clement et al ., 2013, in a report to the President.) Arctic salt marshes are literally few and far between (Figure 1.1), occupying scattered segments of the 25 000 km-long Russian coastline (Lantuit et al ., 2012; Sergienko, 2013), but covering only about 60 km 2 of the Canadian Arctic Islands and small parts of the Arctic shores of Canada and Alaska (Mendelssohn and McKee, 2000; Martini et al ., 2009; Jorgenson, 2011). However, there is a growing interest in their ecology and geological history because of their increased contributions to atmospheric greenhouse gases as the permafrost melts (see Section 5.4), and because they occupy deltas and estuaries where gas and oil exploration and shipping terminals are rapidly changing the landscape. Types of possible impacts are outlined in Chapter 5, but here we present selected examples to demonstrate the magnitude of the unfolding events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".