Incidence of Black-phase Plumage in Ferruginous Hawks Nesting in Central North Dakota
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distinct plumage phases for the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) include normal, black and red (Brown and Amadon 1968).During a three-yr (1977-79) study of nesting Ferruginous Hawks in central North Dakota (Gilmer and Stewart 1983), we observed only normal and black-phase plumage in adults and in nestlings with welldeveloped plumage.A total of 12 (1.1%) of 1050 adult Ferruginous Hawks we observed at nest sites had black-phase plumage.The number of nest sites occupied by black-phase adults was five of 200 (3%) in 1977, five of 184 (2.7%) in 1978 and two of 245 (0.8%) in 1979 (Table 1).All black-phase adults were paired with normal-colored mates, and mixed pairings produced broods that varied from all black to all normal.Sixteen (47%) of 34 mixed-pair nestlings had black-phase plumage.In addition one black nestling was produced by a normal pair.Only 17 (1.2%) of 1407 nestlings we observed had black-phase plumage.Observations of one mixed pair and its broods are especially noteworthy.A pair consisting of a black-phase 1977.Nesting of Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis) in Washington 1974-75.Condor 79:245-249.GILMER, D. S. AND R. E. STEWART.1983.Ferruginous Hawk populations and habitat use in North Dakota.].Wildl.Manage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".