Added Sugar Levels in Kids' Meals From Chain Restaurants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the added sugar levels in kids' meals from chain restaurants in relation to the World Health Organization's proposed and current sugar recommendation (no more than 5%‐10% of total daily calories should come from added sugars). Total sugar levels were retrieved from the websites of 17 chain restaurants in 2010. The added sugar levels in 3178 kids' meals (including entrées, side dishes, beverages and desserts) from Canadian restaurants were calculated by subtracting all naturally occurring sugars from the total sugar level. Overall, added sugar levels in kids' meals ranged from 0g to 114g. The average amount of added sugar in a kids' meal (25±0.36 g) was equivalent to the WHO's proposed daily sugar recommendation (calculated using an average child's energy requirement). 50% of meals exceeded the WHO's proposed daily sugar recommendation (<5% of total calories), and 19% exceeded the WHO's current daily sugar recommendation (<10% of total calories). Beverages on average contained 16±20 g of added sugars, desserts contained 12±7 g, entrées contained 3±6 g and side dishes contained 0.6±2 g. Beverages with the highest sugar content were typically soft drinks, fruit juices with added sugars and chocolate milk. Entrées with the highest sugar content were chicken nugget meals containing honey mustard dipping sauces, as well as rib meals and sandwiches with sweet sauces. In conclusion, there is a wide range of sugar levels in kids' meals from restaurants, and many contain more than a day's worth of sugar.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".