Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Freshwater Media: Factorial Effects and Human Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in water column and preponderant fish species of Anambra River were conducted. Eight PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorine, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene) classified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organisation were measured in the media following solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographic procedures on three factorial experimental model designs. Season was tested at two levels: rainy and dry; fish species at two levels: Synodontisclarias and Tilapia nilotica; and location factor at five levels: Enugu Otu, Ezi-Aguleri, Otuocha, Otu-Nsugbe, and Onono. The human PAH exposure risk was assessed and daily intake through fish consumption determined. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found preponderant in the water and fish species for both rainy and dry seasons at the five distinct locations. Concentrations detected in these principal media were generally low compared to earlier studies and unaffected by the season, location and fish species, including all the factorial level interaction effects. However, the dietary intakes of the contaminant through fish consumption were a subject of public health concern on continuous daily exposure as the PAH concentrations in the examined fish sourced from some of the locations in different seasons were higher than stipulated values by Environment Canada for edible tissues of fish and/or shellfish for human consumptions. Effective and continued monitoring of the quality conditions of the river needs to be sustained and compared with baseline catchment data for quality deviation as crude oil production is expected to commence at this delicate site. Further quantifications of these organic substances in other fauna and investigation in entire flora of the river, and modelling of its trophodynamics would practically underpin sound management strategies and sustainability of the aquatic resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".