Breast reduction surgery in Ontario: Changes in practice, 1992 to 2008
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Symptomatic mammary hypertrophy impacts physical function and patient quality of life. Breast reduction mammoplasty, a surgical procedure performed to reduce breast size, has been used for many years to reduce these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate variations in the surgical practice of breast reduction mammoplasty among women ≥15 years of age (approximately 6.4 million population in 2008) over a 17-year period in Ontario. METHOD: A population-based, cross-sectional time series analysis was conducted to examine temporal trends in 87,049 breast reduction surgeries performed between January 1, 1992 and December 30, 2008. RESULTS: Breast reduction rates have been relatively stable over time, with 83 per 100,000 of the female population undergoing breast reduction surgery annually. However, a significant decrease in the rate of inpatient surgeries were observed over the study period (from 69.3 per 100,000 in 1992 to 25.7 per 100,000 in 2008). At the beginning of the study period, the highest annual rates of this procedure were observed among women 21 to 30 years of age (116.6 procedures per 100,000); however, by the end of the observation period, this shifted to women 31 to 50 years of age (109.9 procedures per 100,000). Furthermore, the annual procedure rate among women ≥51 years of age almost doubled, rising from 36.4 procedures per 100,000 in 1992 to 66.6 procedures per 100,000 in 2008. This was likely related to changing demographics and social factors. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that breast reduction mammoplasty will continue to be requested, with an increased proportion of patients who are older and desire improved quality of life and physical function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".