The Effects of Menstrual Irregularities on Bone Density in Elite Female Gymnasts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Elite gymnastics is a popular sport with intense physical demands. Healthcare providers may be concerned that elite gymnasts often begin training at an early age, which places stress on young girls at a critical time in their development. Elite gymnasts are also thought to be at greater risk of developing components of the female athlete triad, including amenorrhea, due to the desire to maintain a thin and muscular physique. However, studies have shown that gymnasts tend to have higher bone mineral density despite having a higher incidence of menstrual irregularities.\nMethods: An exhaustive literature search of MedLine, CINAHL, Web of Science, CommonKnowledge and Google Scholar was conducted. Keywords were “Amenorrhea” and “Bone density” and “Female gymnasts”. Eligibility criteria were broad with no limitation of the age of the gymnasts. Male gymnasts were excluded. Data quality was assessed using the GRADE system.\nResults: Three studies were included in the systematic review. Wulff Helge and Kanstrop found more cases of menstrual irregularities but higher bone mineral density in gymnasts. Correlative statistics showed no correlation between the menstrual irregularities and BMD. Robinson et al reported greater BMD in gymnasts over runners regardless of menstrual status. Correlative statistics found no correlation between current menstrual status and history of menstrual irregularities, and BMD in gymnasts. Ducher et al found higher bone measurements in gymnasts with normal menses when compared to gymnasts with menstrual irregularities and controls.\nConclusion: This review showed conflicting results with two studies showing a positive benefit of intense gymnastics on bone density. One study showed no benefit. Based on results, no definitive conclusion can be drawn and further studies are needed. Larger longitudinal studies with consistent bone density measurement methods would be beneficial and would increase the statistical power of results.\nKeywords: “Amenorrhea” and “Bone density” and "Female gymnasts”
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".