The Baroque baryton : the origin and development in the 17th century of a solo, self-accompanying, bowed and plucked instrument played from tabulature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This investigation is into the origin of an instrument known almost exclusively by the ensemble compositions written in the 18th century by Joseph Haydn for his patron Prince Nicholas Esterhazy. Earlier work by Efrim Fruchtman (1960) had established the wider group of composers around Haydn at the Esterhazy Court. The work by Carol Gartrell (1983) established the known instruments and repertory for the baryton from the first quarter of the 17th century to the 20th century. From this study it was apparent that the 'classical' baryton of the Haydn / Esterhazy circle was an evolved instrument developed from an earlier period, repertory and mode of performance. \nThe earlier form of the baryton is termed the baroque baryton to identify the original instrument presumed at the outset of this investigation to originate from the first quarter of the 17th century. The scope of this work is to identify and establish the origin, design, construction, and also repertory and performance practice of the original baryton. To this end as many barytons from the 17th century as possible were to be located, personally investigated, measured, recorded and photographed. A digital archive on 'photo CD' and an information database were created. \nThe musical environment of the late 16th century was investigated to identify the musical and organological trends that led to the development of the baroque baryton which it is proposed resulted from a fusion of the bandora and the lyra viol in the first quarter of the 17th century. All compositions comprising the repertory of the baroque baryton were prepared in facsimile and instruments based on original research were commissioned. Recreation and evaluation of the original playing technique of the baroque baryton was made possible by performing the known repertory on the revived instruments. The majority of the works from the period were composed for a two manual, self-accompanying bowed and plucked, solo baryton but with some evidence of an early three-manual instrument. All the IX Partien of J.G.Krause and a representative range of all other compositions have been evaluated and performed to re-establish the playing technique, method of tone production and sound quality of the baroque baryton. The instrument, apart from this research study has remained unplayed from tablature in the correct tessituras in recent times.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".