An anatomical exploration of femoral angle of inclination in multi‐regional populations: clinical implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The angle of inclination (AOI) is clinically relevant because of a predisposition for congenital femoral dysplasia. While AOI of the femur varies with age, gender, and ontogenetic growth patterns, abnormal AOI conditions increase stress at the hip joint and significantly affect gait. This study examined AOI in three ethnic/racial populations from European, African, and Asian ancestry. An Inuit group dated 500 BCE ‐ 500 CE was sampled from archaeological remains of Ipiutak populations from the osteological collections of the American Museum of Natural History. To measure AOI, a line was drawn from the midpoint of the intercondylar fossa to the greater trochanter projecting proximally through the shaft of the femur, and a second line was drawn from the femoral head to the femoral shaft through the center of the femoral neck; the AOI was defined by the intersection of these two lines. Preliminary results showed significant AOI differences (p < 0.01) found only between the Inuit and European populations. Developmentally, the AOI is widest at infancy and gradually narrows, ending its decline in adulthood. Inuit femurs presented with the greatest AOI of 139 degrees, demonstrating the orthopaedic condition of coxa valga. The fact that these findings suggest a possible increased prevalence of congenital femoral dysplasia in these populations has considerable clinical implications and will require further study. Grant Funding Source N/A
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".