Reproductive fitness of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the potent estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) in a whole lake exposure experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2), has been identified in many aquatic environments. EE2 induces biochemical and physiological effects in exposed fish, but linkages to widespread reproductive dysfunction in populations have not been established. Mortality in early life stages has only been documented at relatively high concentrations, above those found in the environment. To examine the potential effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2, reproductive endpoints were examined in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) captured from a lake experimentally treated with ~5 ng/L EE2. Monitoring began two years prior to EE2 additions in the lake and for 3 years of additions. A nearby lake in which no EE2 was added was used as a reference. Eggs from fish in each lake were fertilised with milt from the same fish stocks. Fertilization and hatch, mortality, deformities, and size of the fry at swim up were not negatively affected by EE2 exposure. While our earlier studies have reported impaired reproductive success in small-bodied fish exposed to EE2 in the same system, lake trout appear to be less affected at the biochemical level and no impacts were determined in other reproductive and population level impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".