Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diverse and divergent concepts Recent years have witnessed an immense outpouring of published literature under the general heading of ‘Sustainable Agriculture‘. In preparing a report on “Sustainable agriculture and food security“ for the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development a scientific Commission of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) reviewed some 300 related publications [ICSU-CASAFA 1991]. The Commission reported how ‘sustainable agriculture‘ is treated from a diversity of scientific, pseudo-scientific, biological, ecological, ideological and philosophical perspectives. The following are a sample of relevant significant publications referred to in the Commission's report: Agriculture Canada [1989], Altieri [1983], Boeringer [1980], Brown [1987], Brundtland [1987b], Bunting [1987], CGIAR/TAC [1989], Edwards et al [1990], FAO [1984], Harwood [1990], Jain [1983], NRC/NAS [1989], NABC [1989], Rodale [1983], Reganold and Papendick [1990], Swaminathan and Sinha [1986]. During the succeeding decade many more have been added. As defined by the Brundtland panel, a sustainable agricultural system manages essential resources so as to satisfy the needs of all people presently dependent without compromising the needs of future generations. It is when authors try to prescribe agricultural production systems claimed to be of global ecological adaptability that confusions and contradictions arise. Geological and anthropological evidence indicate that, from the time of creation, the earth, its environment and inhabitant creatures have changed, sometimes gradually and evolutionary, sometimes in extreme and disruptive patterns. Many scientists contend that human activities are accelerating environmental and climatic change, some attributable to developments in agricultural technologies. The ICSUCASAFA report illustrates how the relevant literature presents divergent opinions and recommendations based on experience with different locations, ecologies, technologies, environmental, climatic, social and economic circumstances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.060 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".