Integrating Information and Communication Technologies in Established Products: A New Managerial Challenge?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper addresses the integration of information and communication technologies into established mechanical engineering products. By adding e.g. sensors, communication capability, and real-time information systems, the customer value provided by mature products can be substantially increased, thus offering an interesting way of differentiation for products that are normally exposed to severe price competition. The specific task of integrating information and communication technologies in established products appears to have some specific characteristics, and does not seem to fit into earlier suggested typologies of innovation. An explorative in-depth case study of an attempt to undertake this type of innovation at the Swedish multi-national company Alfa Laval has been performed. The empirical observations show that the most difficult challenges confronted in order to realize the innovation in question regarded the management of technological competences and business model changes, both showing increased complexity. The latter involved substantial changes to the revenue model used, involving the use of license fees, in order to make it possible for the innovating firm to appropriate a large share of the additional value created by the new and improved product.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.023 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.024 | 0.033 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".