Simultaneous in vivo pH and temperature mapping using a PARACEST‐MRI contrast agent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Altered tissue temperature and/or pH is a common feature in pathological conditions, where metabolic demand exceeds oxygen supply such as in tumors and following stroke. Therefore, in vivo tissue temperature and pH may become valuable biomarkers for disease detection and the monitoring of disease progression or treatment response in conditions with altered metabolic demand. In this study, pH is measured using the amide protons of a thulium (Tm(3+)) complex with a DOTAM-Glycine-Lysine (ligand: Tm(3+)-DOTAM-Gly-Lys). The pH was uniquely determined from the linewidth of the asymmetry curve of the chemical exchange saturation transfer spectrum, independent of contrast agent concentration, or temperature for a given saturation pulse. pH maps with an inter-pixel standard deviation of less than 0.1 pH units were obtained in 10 mM Tm(3+)-DOTAM-Gly-Lys solutions with pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 pH units at 37°C. Temperature maps were simultaneously obtained using the chemical shift of the chemical exchange saturation transfer peak. Temperature and pH maps are demonstrated in the mouse leg (N = 3), where the mean and standard deviation for pH was 7.2 ± 0.2 pH unit and temperature was 37.4 ± 0.5°C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".