Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy of Doped Helium Clusters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this article, we describe investigations of rotational spectra of complexes and clusters containing helium atoms. These systems are of much interest mainly because of their very low binding energies and the associated relatively large zero‐point energies. As a result, these very weakly bonded systems undergo large amplitude internal stretching and bending motions and the semirigid rotor Hamiltonian can often not describe the spectra appropriately. Microwave spectra of clusters of the type He N ‐linear molecule are discussed. The number of helium atoms in the cluster, N , ranges from 1 up to 39 in the case of He N ‐carbonyl sulfide. It was possible to record transitions of clusters of successively increasing size and to extract spectroscopic parameters of clusters with atom‐by‐atom resolution. Probably the most significant outcome from these studies is the observation of an increase in the rotational constant, B , with increasing N . This turnaround occurs at relatively small numbers of helium atoms, e.g., N = 9 for He N ‐OCS. The corresponding decrease in moment of inertia with increasing N is attributed to a decoupling of helium density from the rotational motion of the dopant molecule. This is interpreted in terms of the occurrence of superfluid effects on the microscopic scale. Throughout the article, we emphasize the importance of our colleagues in infrared spectroscopy and theory collaborating in this research endeavor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".