Surgical images: soft tissue. Müllerian cyst of the upper abdomen: a lesion mimicking pancreatic cystadenoma.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mullerian cysts are rare retroperitoneal lesions, the majority of which occur in women. Most develop in the pelvis but a few involve the upper abdomen, manifesting as a mass at the tail of the pancreas. The cysts are large and often displace adjacent organs. Precise preoperative diagnosis is seldom possible. Surgical excision is curative, but many cysts are multilocular and may recur if removal is incomplete. Histologically the lining is epithelium, ordinarily ciliated but occasionally mucinous. The cyst wall usually includes some smooth muscle. Although uncommon, cystic lesions in the retroperitoneum are of 2 predominant types: epithelial cysts arising from large retroperitoneal organs, and cystic lesions originating from soft tissues of the retroperitoneum. Epithelial cysts arising from the pancreas and kidneys are relatively common. In rare cases such cysts may become detached from the organ, making the site of origin difficult to determine. Cystic upper-abdominal retroperitoneal lesions are difficult to diagnose; other cysts arising primarily from retroperitoneal connective tissues include lymphangiomas,1 mesothelial cysts (so-called cystic mesotheliomas),2 enterogenous cysts,3 urogenital cysts and cystic neoplasms such as teratomas or schwannomas. The overall incidence of retroperitoneal cysts is reported as anywhere from 1 in 5750 individuals to 1 in 250 000 (average, 1 in 105 000).4 Urogenital cysts are very uncommon. Upon histologic differentiation, such cysts may be subclassified as pro-, meso- or metanephric (mullerian) in type.5 In women, mullerian cysts may occur within the pelvis (where they clinically mimic ovarian lesions) or in the upper abdomen. They also occur in the pelvis in men, where they arise in association with embryologic remnants of the regressed mullerian (paramesonephric) duct system. Typical locations include the prostatic utricle6 and the appendix testis.7
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".