The Newfoundland Tsunami of November 18, 1929: An Examination of the Twenty-eight Deaths of the "South Coast Disaster"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE “GRAND BANKS” EARTHQUAKE occurred at 1702 (Newfoundland Standard Time [NST]) on Monday, November 18, 1929. It was centred eighteen kilometres beneath the Laurentian Continental Slope, 265 kilometres south of Newfoundland’s Burin Peninsula, in 2,000 metres of water. The event had a surface wave magnitude of Ms = 7.2 2 and it was felt as far afield as New York City and Montreal; there is even a serendipitous felt-report in Bermuda. 3 Onshore the damage from the earthquake’s shaking was restricted to some slumping and minor building damage in Cape Breton Island; Newfoundland, despite its proximity to the epicentre, experienced no physical damage, other than broken crockery shaken off shelves, because most structures were of wood-frame construction built on solid substrates. On the ocean floor offshore, part of the Laurentian Slope was shaken loose and began an underwater landslide that went on for hours, and flowed at least 1,100 kilometres out onto the floor of the 5,000-metre-deep Sohm Abyssal Plain. It was 23 years before scientists recognized the landslide and its great importance as a dominant ocean process. 4 The 1929 “turbidity currents” moved at speeds of 50 to 70 knots (93-130 km/s) and cut twelve trans-Atlantic telegraph cables in about 28 places. Repairs involved every available cable ship in the Atlantic and continued until August 1930. 5 About 200 cubic kilometres of material was removed over an area of 20,000 square kilometres 6 of the continental slope and rise. This material
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".