DMSO Represses Inflammatory Cytokine Production from Human Blood Cells and Reduces Autoimmune Arthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is currently being used by many people, both topically and orally, to treat inflammatory conditions as well as cancer. However, little is known about the efficacy, safety and mechanism of action of DMSO in humans. We therefore examined the effects of this polar solvent on whole human blood, stimulated or not, ex vivo , with E. coli. We found that, between 1 and 2%, DMSO markedly inhibited cytokine production without affecting cell viability. However, at greater than 5%, significant death of leukocytes was observed, suggesting that DMSO has only a narrow window of efficacy. The two in vivo generated metabolites of DMSO, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfone (DMSO 2 ), required higher concentrations than DMSO to be anti‐inflammatory. Mechanism of action studies using purified human monocytes revealed that DMSO's anti‐inflammatory properties were due, at least in part, to inhibition of the ERK1/2, p38, PI3K and JNK pathways. In vivo mouse model studies revealed that topical administration of DMSO did not reduce the growth rate of subcutaneously implanted B16 melanoma cells, even though it did act in vitro to increase their differentiation. Importantly, however, topical administration of DMSO significantly ameliorated KBxN‐induced arthritis in mice and this was associated with lower levels of inflammatory cytokines in the joints. Taken together, our studies suggest that DMSO may be useful for some inflammatory conditions but care must be taken to avoid toxic effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".