Social stimulation of dawn singing in Dusky Flycatchers: a serendipitous experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hypotheses regarding dawn singing in birds remain largely unsupported by quantitative data, especially for suboscine passerines (suborder Tyranni). During a study of the singing behavior of a suboscine, the Dusky Flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri), in Alberta, Canada, spring storms in 2002 caused the disappearance and presumed mortality of several territorial males and some of their replacements, creating a serendipitous experiment. Overall, 15 males disappeared and, as a result, the number of territorial males in our study area declined from 13 prior to the storms to six afterward. Only one male maintained the same territory throughout the breeding season. During the period of inclement weather and social instability (20 May to 9 June), males sang at high rates during the predawn period. From 10 to 19 June, following this period of unstable weather and turnover in territorial males, males began dawn singing later in the morning, and sang shorter bouts at lower rates. The proportion of males engaging in dawn singing also decreased between the two periods. In contrast, daytime singing activity of paired males was low during both time periods. Playback of dawn songs to territorial males between 20 June and 21 July caused a resumption of some dawn singing. Singing rates were higher on the day of playback than on the day before playback, and the times when dawn singing was initiated were earlier on each of 2 d after playback than on the day before playback. In addition, the proportion of males engaging in dawn singing increased between the day before and the day after playback. Both the decrease in dawn singing when population density was reduced and its partial restoration by playback suggest that dawn singing in this species functions in male–male interactions and support the social-dynamics hypothesis as an explanation for the dawn chorus in this species. Estimulación social del canto al amanecer de Empidonax oberholseri: experimento fortuito Las hipótesis con respecto al canto al amanecer en aves, permanecen sin mucho apoyo cuantitativo, particularmente en paserinos suboscinos (suborden Tyranni). Durante un estudio de la conducta del canto de Empidonax oberholseri, llevado a cabo en el 2002 en Alberta, Canadá, una tormenta primaveral causó la desaparición y posible muerte de varios machos territoriales y algunos de sus remplazos, creando un experimento fortuito. En total, 15 machos desaparecieron y como resultado, el número de machos territoriales, en nuestra área de estudio, se redujo de 13 (previo a la tormenta), a seis (después de esta). Solo un macho mantuvo su territorio a través de la época reproductiva. Durante dicho periodo de mal tiempo e inestabilidad social (20 de mayoal 9 de junio), los machos exhibieron una alta tasa de cantos durante el periodo pre-amanecer. Del 10 al 19 de junio, posterior al periodo de tiempo inestable y remplazo de machos territoriales, los nuevos machos comenzaron a producir su canto del amanecer, más tarde en la mañana y estos fueron más cortos y menos frecuentes. La proporción de machos, que llevaron a cabo cantos propios del amanecer, también se redujo entre los dos periodos. En contraste, el canto diurno usual de machos apareados, fue bajo durante ambos periodos. La exposición de machos territoriales a grabaciones del canto del amanecer, entre el 20 de junio y el 21 de julio, causó la reanudación de algunos cantos propios del amanecer. La tasa de canto fue mayor en los días en que fueron expuestos a las grabaciones, que en los otros días, antes de exponerlos a las grabaciones. Además la proporción de machos, envueltos en canto al amanecer, aumento entre el dia antes y el dia posterior a la exposición de la canción grabada. Ambos, la reducción en el canto al amanecer cuando se redujo la densidad poblacional, y su restauración parcial usando grabaciones de cantos, sugiere que el canto del amanecer en la especie estudiada, funciona como una interacción macho a macho, y apoya la hipótesis, de parte de la dinámica social, como una explicación del coro, al amanecer, en esta especie.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".