Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in antarctic freshwaters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The Antarctic continent holds the majority of the earth's freshwater in the form of ice. However, life is dependent upon liquid water, which is scarce in Antarctica. Less than 5% of the continent is ice-free, and it is within these ice-free regions that freshwater lakes and ephemeral streams form by the melting of glacial ice. Ice-free regions are located primarily near the Antarctic coastline (Fig. 11.1). Of these regions, the ‘desert oases’ of East Antarctica are considered to be the coldest, driest regions on earth. Within the limited sites where liquid freshwater is found, life is present. Cyanobacteria are the most widely distributed and abundant freshwater organisms, forming mats in lakes, ponds, and meltwater streams and on moist soils. Higher plants occur only in lower latitudes of the Antarctic Peninsula. Diatoms are found in nearly all types of Antarctic waters, and are one of few organisms that are well preserved as fossils. In this chapter, we review the investigations to date in Antarctica concerning the application of diatoms to problems of environmental change. Antarctic diatoms The study of freshwater algae in Antarctica began with early expeditions to the most accessible subantarctic and maritime islands of Kerguelen and South Georgia (Reinsch, 1890; Carlson, 1913). The flora of Kerguelen has been the most studied of any of the Antarctic regions (Bourrelly & Manguin, 1954; Germain & Le Cohu, 1981; Le Cohu, 1981; Le Cohu & Maillard, 1983, 1986; Riaux-Gobin, 1994).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".