IL-2 and IL-6 cooperate to enhance the generation of effectors from aged human CD8 T cells to live influenza virus (113.34)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An aAge-related decline in cytolytic activity has been mainly described in CD8+ T cells and , with relative sparing of CD4+ T cells. wWe have shown that the poor CD8+ effector T cell response to influenza A/H3N2 challenge is due to a decline in the proportion and function of these cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). Hee we report In this study, we showed that therethis response corresponds to a significant decline in IL-2 levels but increased IL-6 levels in influenza-stimulated PBMCs from vaccinated older compared to young adults. We find that addition of exogenous Supplementation of PBMC with IL-2 and IL-6 to PBMC cultures with restoresd the proliferative response and reducesd the proportion of apoptotic effector CD8+ T cells in older adult PBMC to resemble that of younger adults. To further elucidate the mechanism, Wwe finshowed that exogenous IL-2 and IL-6 resulted in the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into effector T helper cells which express IL-2 in response to influenza virus stimulation. Further, use of a TLR4 ligand combined with influenza vaccine ,whichto respectively stimulate IL-6 and IL-2 production, resultsed in an enhanced granzyme B response of aged CD8 T cells to a live influenza virus challenge. These results suggest provide a mechanism that could be targeted in the development of influenza vaccines to potentially with enhance theird efficacy in older adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".