Bibliographic record
Abstract
As emission regulations for off-road engines become more and more stringent, alternative fuel off-road engines are being developed rapidly. This paper studies a closed-loop controlled LPG system, which was developed and tested on four lawn and garden engines. The four engines studied are Kohler 18hp, Kohler 13 hp, Briggs & Stratton 6 hp, and Briggs & Stratton 5hp engines, which power Toro walk-behind commercial lawn mowers, John Deere lawn tractors, John Deere walk-behind commercial lawn mowers, and Toro walk-behind commercial lawn mowers, respectively. All engines are four-stroke, spark-ignited and air-cooled. The fuel management system is an air valve based closed-loop controlled dedicated LPG system. The emissions and durability test results are presented. It was found that all engines operating on propane had significantly lower exhaust emissions than those of gasoline baselines. Durability tests were conducted on the Kohler 18hp, Kohler 13hp and Briggs & Stratton 6hp engines under the SAE J1088 A cycle for 250, 250, and 500 hours, respectively. The durability tests revealed that all three engines showed no substantial deterioration of emissions or performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".