Methods for rearing the invasive zooplankter <i>Bythotrephes</i> in the laboratory
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The invasive spiny water flea's ( Bythotrephes longimanus ) current North American distribution encompasses the Laurentian Great Lakes as well as a number of inland lakes, particularly on the Canadian Shield. In the past, poor survival in the laboratory has precluded controlled long‐term studies on Bythotrephes . Here we investigated field collection techniques and choices of culture media, temperature, and diet that led to the successful maintenance of Bythotrephes from birth to reproduction. Gravid parthenogenic females were collected from invaded lakes. Resulting offspring were reared in source lake water filtered through 20 or 80 µm, or a fully defined artificial culture medium, FLAMES. Individuals raised in FLAMES produced significantly larger broods than those in lake water, indicating that it is an appropriate culture medium. We next conducted a 96‐h temperature bioassay on juvenile Bythotrephes . Survival was comparable at 16°C, 20°C, and 24°C but decreased after 48 h at 28°C, and most animals died after 24 h at 32°C. We also reared Bythotrephes at 16°C, 19°C, 22°C, and 25°C. Corresponding intrinsic rates of natural increase ( r ) for animals maintained to first brood release were 0.02, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.03 d −1 , suggesting that Bythotrephes should be reared at ~22°C to benefit from maximum population increases. Feeding trials confirmed that young Bythotrephes prefer small, slow‐moving prey. Finally, we devised a protocol for rearing Bythotrephes that yielded 100% survival to reproduction and r = 0.10 d −1 (for animals maintained to first brood release). Given these results, it is now possible to conduct long‐term laboratory studies on this invader.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it