Running in Two Worlds: Social Capital, Symbolic Boundaries and Indigenous Entrepreneurs in Toronto, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sociology as a discipline has reflected widely on the impact of class, gender and race to group outcomes. These forms of status stratify societies in different ways, impacting individual abilities to find employment, make friends, pursue educational opportunities and even attend cultural events. Yet, when it comes to recognizing these forms of status within the structure of individual social capital, very few studies have considered the class, gender and ethno-racial composition of contacts and looked at the way different factors contribute uniquely to their diversification. Rarer yet is the consideration of ethnic entrepreneurs and the accumulation of diverse social capital as an indicator of fluid and instrumental movement across symbolic boundaries between different status groups. This paper fills that gap by marrying the literature on ethnic boundaries with that of social capital and networks, using data from a case study of Indigenous entrepreneurs in Toronto, Canada. Class, gendered and ethno-racial diversity of ties are considered here as separate but equally important forms of status. Results show that indeed different forms of social capital do exist, evidenced by the variable impact of social background predictors and participation in voluntary associations. While conclusions are made about the value of varieties of social capital in research, this paper also discusses the ability of Indigenous entrepreneurs to maintain co-ethnic social capital while developing new forms of capital consecutively – speaking directly to the nature of boundary spanning, the flexibility of symbolic boundaries and the unique case of Indigenous entrepreneurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".