The Association of Antiretroviral Therapy and Hypertension among HIV-positive Individuals in Canada and Tanzania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension is an important worldwide public health concern and is a concomitant risk factor for brain, kidney and cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction (MI). Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has greatly increased life expectancy of HIV-positive persons, but has been associated with adverse effects. Objectives: To assess the association between antiretroviral therapy and incident hypertension; to estimate the incidence of hypertension; and to explore known and potential risk factors for hypertension among HIV-positive individuals in Tanzania and Canada. Methods: Subjects, 18 years and older, were enrolled into two retrospective cohort studies in Tanzania and Canada. Population and descriptive characteristics were summarized. Hypertension was defined as having a SBP>140 mmHg, DBP>90 mmHg, a diagnosis of high blood pressure, or receiving antihypertensive therapy. Statistical analyses, including independent t-tests, Chi-square tests, multiple linear regression, multivariable logistic and Cox regression were performed to assess for statistical significance (p<0.05) in SPSS14.0. Results: In Tanzania, 52 HIV-positive, normotensive subjects initiating antiretroviral therapy were enrolled. Subjects had a mean age (SD) of 39.5 (7.9) years, were predominantly Black and 53.8% were male. After one year, 4 (7.7%, 95% CI: 2.1-18.7%) developed hypertension. Blood pressure, weight and body mass index (BMI) significantly increased (p<0.05) by 12 months. In Canada, 486 HIV-positive and normotensive subjects were enrolled; 303 (62.3%) initiated antiretroviral therapy and 183 (37.7%) remained ARV-naive during the study. Subjects were predominantly White (>70%) and male (>75%) with a mean age (SD) of 45.1 (10.0) years. Nine-year incidence of hypertension for ARV-treated and ARV-naïve cohorts was 12.5% (95% CI: 8.8-16.2%) and 8.2% (95% CI: 4.2-12.2%) respectively. Hypertensive individuals were significantly older, heavier, and more likely to have abnormal lipids. In the final multivariable Cox regression model for incident hypertension, antiretroviral therapy was associated with a 125% increased risk (p=0.018), adjusted for age, sex and race. Individuals >50 compared to <40 years had an increased risk of approximately>280% (p=0.003). Current weight (10 kg increments) was associated with a 37% increased risk (p<0.001). An inverse association between CD4-T-lymphocyte count change and hypertension was observed: a positive change of >500 cell/ml compared to a decrease in CD4-T-lymphocyte count was associated with an 80% lower risk (p=0.032). Conclusion: Hypertension is common among HIV-positive individuals in Tanzania and Canada and expected to increase over time. Hypertension is associated with antiretroviral therapy; however, further research is needed to understand this relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".