Indian Women and the Division of Matrimonial Real Property on Canadian Indian Reserves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
En depit des succes remportes par le mouvement des droits des Autochtones et le mouvement des femmes dans la reconnaissance des droits de leurs membres respectifs au cours des trente dernieres annees, le sort des femmes qui ont le statut d'Indienne continue de laisser a desirer. Un domaine en particulier, celui du partage des biens immobiliers matrimoniaux situes dans des reserves, est source de problemes majeurs pour les Indiennes, parce qu'elles n'ont pas pu compter sur les tribunaux pour obtenir un reglement juste et equitable a la suite d'un divorce. Plutot que de recevoir un droit de co-propriete du bien matrimonial ou d'obtenir la possession exclusive de la residence familiale, elles sont souvent forcees de regler pour une compensation monetaire et, parfois, pour aucune compensation. Cette situation resulte de la juridiction constitutionnelle du Parlement federal sur les « Indiens et les terres reservees aux Indiens » ainsi que de la Loi sur les Indiens qui font en sorte que les lois provinciales portant sur le partage des biens matrimoniaux ne s'appliquent pas dans les reserves. Le present article analyse les regimes matrimoniaux qui s'appliquent actuellement dans les reserves et enonce en quoi ces regimes ont empeche les tribunaux de promouvoir l'egalite entre les sexes dans la repartition des biens matrimoniaux situes dans des reserves au Canada. Vu l'importance accrue de ce domaine du droit dans les cercles universitaires et decisionnels, l'article sert d'introduction en presentant des donnees empiriques tirees d'une revue de la jurisprudence ainsi qu'un cadre theorique susceptible d'orienter des recherches futures. Despite the successes of the Aboriginal rights movement and the women's movement in expanding their respective constituents' rights over the last thirty years, status Indian women continue to lag behind. One area, in particular, the division of matrimonial real property on reserves, has been a major problem for Indian women, as they have been unable to rely on the courts to receive a fair and equitable settlement during divorce proceedings. Rather than receiving a one-half interest in the matrimonial property or gaining interim exclusive possession of a matrimonial home, they are forced to settle for monetary compensation and, in some cases, no relief. This is a result of Parliament's constitutional authority over ''Indians, lands reserved for Indians'' and the Indian Act, which prevents provincial matrimonial property laws from applying to reserve land. This article examines the current property rights regime on reserves in Canada and discusses how it has hindered the courts' efforts to promote gender equality in the division of matrimonial real property on Canadian Indian reserves. In light of the growing importance of this policy area in academic and policymaking circles, this article serves as an introductory piece, providing empirical evidence through a review of the jurisprudence and offering a theoretical framework for future research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".