Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Associations have been reported between gastroesophageal reflux and a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract conditions. Respiratory conditions and GER are common and would be expected to coexist in many patients. Whether there is a relationship between GER and these conditions and its nature remain controversial. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between GER and these conditions. METHODS: Searches of the 1966 to 2000 MEDLINE database were undertaken to identify appropriate studies. The terms gastroesophageal reflux, medical antireflux therapy, and antireflux surgery were combined with rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, laryngeal stricture, croup, apnea, dental caries, aspiration pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and cough. RESULTS: Papers were identified that related any of the above respiratory conditions to gastroesophageal reflux or to antireflux therapy. Most suggested a causative relationship between GER and these conditions but only a few of the studies were controlled. Controlled studies demonstrate a strong association between GER and asthma and cystic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: A strong association between GER and some respiratory conditions has been demonstrated in controlled trials. It is uncertain whether the association is due to GER causing respiratory disease or vice versa. It is clear that further properly powered, controlled, randomized trials of the relationship between GER and antireflux therapy and respiratory disease need to be conducted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".