Three essays in health economics: 1. An equilibrium model of waiting lists for medical care. 2. An evaluation of alternative econometric specifications for estimating a tobacco budget share equation. 3. The determinants of expenditures on tobacco in Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis consists of three essays on health economics. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapter 2 studies waiting lists for medical care, and Chapters 3 and 4 study the demand for tobacco products. The main contribution of Chapter 2 is a game-theoretic model of waiting times for medical care that provides new insights into how health care waiting times and the number of cases treated may be related. The model demonstrates that charging patients for medical care may not result in decreased waiting times. One policy implication of the model is the potential gains from the sharing of information and co-ordination among health-care providers. Chapters 3 and 4 are on the demand for tobacco products. Estimating the demand for tobacco involves choosing one or more econometric specifications or functional forms. Different econometric specifications can result in conflicting results, raising questions about how to interpret results. A primary objective of Chapter 3 is to identify the similarities and differences between three econometric specifications that have often been applied to tobacco data. A behavioural model is a useful starting point for making these comparisons. In this chapter I compare the results arrived at by applying different specifications to one data set. This data set reports individual's expenditure on tobacco. Chapter 4 examines a data set that reports household expenditure on tobacco. A number of economics papers examine tobacco data from the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain. Chapter 4 examines tobacco data from Canada. One finding indicates that households that do not own their home and consist of one or more unemployed individuals tend to purchase a relatively high amount of tobacco. This information may be of interest to people involved in tobacco policy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it