Genetic Studies in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Treatment of patients with schizophrenia who fail to respond to adequate amounts of antipsychotics is a major challenge. The proportion of schizophrenia that is treatment-resistant has been estimated at 20–40%. Between 10 and 60% of patients resistant or intolerant to treatment with other antipsychotic drugs respond to clozapine. The most used definition for resistant schizophrenia was introduced in 1988 by Kane et al. [Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1988;24:62–67]. Genes are thought to be involved in the development of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and reliable genetic prediction of which patients will be treatment resistant would have major economic and clinical implications. Candidate genes of potential utility in pharmacogenetic studies can be identified from antipsychotic receptor targets and enzymes involved in the metabolism of these medications. However, to fully identify patients who are resistant to antipsychotics, it will be necessary to take into account many non-genetic risk factors, such as social, demographic and clinical variables. Despite the many genetic association studies focusing on antipsychotic response, there are few studies that have compared resistant schizophrenics versus non-resistant schizophrenics. This article will concentrate on the genetics of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and the published association studies of this phenotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".