Molecular Basis of Fungal Adherence to Endothelial and Epithelial Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter focuses on fungal adhesins that have been characterized at the genetic level and that mediate adherence to host constituents. These adhesins include Als proteins, Hwp1p, Eap1p, Csh1p, and other less well characterized proteins. ALS1 is part of a gene family that is characterized by the presence of conserved tandem repeats. The ALS gene family contains at least eight members, ALS1, ALS2, ALS3, ALS4, ALS5, ALS6, ALS7, and ALS9. A comprehensive study of the binding specificity of Als proteins expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae found that that Als1p, Als3p, and Als5p mediate adherence to a broad variety of host substrates, including endothelial cells, oral epithelial cells, collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. Fragments of genes with homology to the Candida albicans ALS gene family have been detected in Candida dubliniensis and Candida tropicalis. Several studies have demonstrated that Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and hyphae adhere specifically to a variety of host substrates including laminin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and pulmonary epithelial cells. The identification and characterization of fungal adhesins have been greatly facilitated by the development of powerful molecular biology tools and the recently completed fungal genome-sequencing projects. Furthermore, many important fungal adhesins will probably be glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins with serine- and threonine-rich tandem repeats in their central domains. Identification of these adhesins is important because it provides insight into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity, as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".