Polyamines in Developing Stress‐Resistant Crops
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small protonated compounds with key roles in plant development and physiological processes. PAs may also function as stress messengers in plant responses to different stress signals. Recent studies using exogenous application of polyamines and more contemporary genetic manipulation of polyamine levels in crops and model species point to their involvement in stress protection. The different mechanisms by which polyamines exert their functions are presently being unraveled and involve different modes of action that are summarized in this chapter. Polyamines are integrated with other stress-related hormone pathways, such as abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, nitric oxide, and regulation of ion channels that are now being elucidated. Also, polyamines are implicated in the transcriptional regulation to abiotic and biotic stresses as revealed in recent global transcriptome analyses. The genetic manipulation of polyamine levels has been proven to be an efficient tool for enhancing stress tolerance in many plant species. A number of examples and their potential application to crops for a sustainable agriculture are discussed in this chapter, along with the most recent advances in our understanding of the regulation and mode of action of polyamines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".