Increasing Dominance of Odd‐Year Returning Pink Salmon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The hypothesis that abundance patterns differ between even‐ and odd‐year returning Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha was examined using data from the eastern and western North Pacific Ocean, northern and southern British Columbia, and biologically based conservation units, which are Canadian groupings of salmon that are genetically and/or ecologically distinct from each other. Detailed data from (mostly) southern British Columbia were examined to test hypotheses that the differences between even‐ and odd‐year broodlines were due to fishing, broodline interactions, limitations in freshwater or the ocean, and/or density dependence. The odd‐year broodline has become increasingly predominate over the genetically distinct even‐year broodline on both sides of the Pacific and in five of six British Columbia regions. Five analytical approaches revealed abundances were generally increasing for odd‐year conservation units and declining or stable for even‐year conservation units. Recent increases in odd‐year spawner abundance in southern British Columbia were correlated with decreased fishery exploitation, but exploitation was higher for odd‐year than for even‐year salmon, refuting the hypothesis that differential exploitation is responsible for the changing dominance. Significant negative interactions between even‐ and odd‐year broodlines were found in several of the British Columbia regions tested, but there was little evidence of competition between broodlines in the marine environment. Odd‐year populations in the Fraser River increased despite density‐dependent reductions in freshwater production, while there was no indication of changes in marine productivity. Our results, combined with literature findings indicating a more southerly glacial refugium for odd‐year than for even‐year Pink Salmon and temperature‐related survival differences between these broodlines, suggest that recent climate conditions are benefiting odd‐year returning Pink Salmon more than even‐year salmon, especially in the southern part of their range. Received July 6, 2013; accepted January 21, 2014
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".