Oils and Fats in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the first time, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients have been established by the National Academies’ Institute of Medicine for the United States and Canada (1). This science-based report makes new recommendations for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. The DRI Report embraces the philosophy of making dietary recommendations that assure a nutritionally adequate diet, promote good health, prevent chronic disease, and avoid overconsumption. Recommendations suggest that adults should consume a diet that provides 45% to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates, 10% to 35% from protein, and 20% to 35% from fat. The report advises that saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol be as low as possible. Because polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients, the DRI Report recommends 17 g/d for men and 12 g/d for women of linoleic acid (C 18:2), an omega-6 PUFA. For cs-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, 1.6 and 1.1 g/d should be consumed by men and women, respectively. The recommendations for PUFA are based on average intakes in the United States. For simplicity, the report recommends that 5% to 10% of calories come from PUFA and 0.6% to 1.2% come from ALA. Importantly, approx 10% of omega-3 fatty acid intake can come from long-chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Because of the total fat recommendation and the guidance provided about saturated fat, trans fat, and PUFA intake, the balance will be derived from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The range of total fat from 20% to 35% of calories recognizes that healthy diets can be planned over a reasonably broad range of fat intake, as long as saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol are kept as low as possible. This range in total fat reflects the health benefits of unsaturated fat in the context of a nutritionally adequate diet that promotes a healthy weight. The range of all macronutrients acknowledges that there are many healthy diets with respect to macronutrient profiles, as long as each diet meets the specific recommendations made in the DRI Report for saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, total fiber (38 g/d for men and 25 g/d for women), and added sugar (a maximum of 25% or fewer calories from added sugars).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".