Reliability of radiographic measurement of fracture angulation in children with femoral shaft fractures.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Clinical decisions are based on x-ray measures of radiographs. However, the reliability of assessing the angular measurement of fractured femurs in children is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and interrater reliability of an x-ray assessment of femoral shaft fracture angulation in children. METHODS: On 2 occasions, 3 raters evaluated 30 radiographs of children aged 4 to 10 years, 3 to 24 months after a femoral fracture. The radiographs were evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon, an orthopedic fellow and a research assistant, using a standardized methodology. Reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), an index of concordance that ranges from 01, where > 0.75 indicates excellent concordance. RESULTS: The ICC for the intrarater ranged from 0.75 to 0.97. The interrater reliability ICC for anterior or posterior angulation was 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.840.95) and for varus or valgus angulation was 0.90 (95% CI 0.790.95). A change in measurement of more than 5 degrees exceeds the variation in measurement and, therefore, can be attributed to a true shift in fracture position. CONCLUSIONS: With specific standardized protocols, radiographic assessment of femoral fractures is reliable, irrespective of the examiner's level of experience.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.060 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".