Toxicology of the Herbicide Acrolein: Risk Assessment in Aquatic Environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Submersed weeds on irrigation systems reduce water delivery capacity, clog pumps and structures, rupture canals, increase leakages and losses of water, increase water costs, etc. (U.S.EPA, 2007). Herbicide applications are a commonly used procedure to control submersed weeds in irrigation canals because of its practicability, efficacy and cost. Acrolein, currently registered under the trade name MAGNACIDE® H by Baker Petrolite Corporation, has been used for many years in the United States (U.S.EPA, 2007), Canada (MOE, 2005), Australia (Bowmer & Sainty, 1977), and Argentina (Caldironi et al., 2004). Acrolein, also known as acraldehyde, acrylaldehyde, acrylic aldehyde, allylaldehyde, propenal, 2-propenal, prop-2-enal, prop-2-en-1-al, is a volatile, colourless, highly flammable liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure with a pungent odour. Its Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number is 107-02-8. The chemical formula for acrolein is C3H4O and the molecular weight is 56.06. Fig. 1 illustrates its chemical structure. Acrolein has a density of 0.84 g/mL, a water solubility of 206 g/L, and a vapour pressure of (kPa) 29.3 at 20oC. The log Kow (octanol/water partition coefficient) is -0.01 (high water solubility) and the log Koc (organic carbon/water partition coefficient) is 0.5 (low adsorption to soil) (WHO, 1991; U.S.EPA, 2003; ATSDR, 2007).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".