Bibliographic record
Abstract
The object of the thesis is to examine if failure of the country of origin to provide protection against gender-related violence from non-state actors, in circumstances where the motivation of the perpetrators is private, constitutes persecution of the kind referred to in Art 1A(2) of the Convention. Two questions are brought up in this context. First, is internal state protection relevant to the definition of the term “persecution”? This is important in gender-related claims by women who often face serious harm by non-state agents and need to show that they are persecuted even though state authorities are not inflicting the harm. Secondly, does the motive of the perpetrator have to relate to Convention reasons? When women face violence by private citizens, e.g. family members or husbands, the difficult requirement of establishing the motive of the perpetrator while in the state of refuge becomes a barrier to the recognition of refugee status. It is concluded that even though the four jurisprudences considered, the U.K., the U.S., Australia and Canada, follow “the protection view” in rewarding refugee protection, there is too much emphasis in all states except Canada on the persecutor and internal state protection when the term “persecution” is defined. But only in the U.S. is it required that the motivation of the non-state perpetrator is on account of one of the Convention reasons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".