Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review historical landmarks of Epilepsy surgery and recognize contributions DISCUSSION: Sir Victor Horsley, recognized as pioneer of Neurological surgery, performed his first craniotomy in 1886 on 22-year-old man with posttraumatic Jacksonian epilepsy who remained seizure free after surgery(Tan & Black, 2002). Horsley reported series of 9 additional patients in same year with favorable outcome. First epilepsy surgery case in North America was performed by Benjamin Dudley in Lexington, KY in 1828. Out of 5 patients Dudley operated, 3 became seizure free and seizure frequency improved in 2. Fedor Krause reported series of 96 patients where he created galeal flap to relive increased CSF pressure which was thought to cause epilepsy. Although this surgical technique failed to improve outcome, Krause’s utilization of faradic stimulation during surgery not only confirmed Horsley’s discrete functional localization theory but also provided first detailed mapping of motor cortex (Horsley, 1909). Based on that, Krause advocated cortical resection and provided functional and seizure frequency outcome in 29 patients. Harvey Cushing provided similar mapping data for sensory cortex in 1909. German neurologist Otfrid Foerster performed first electrocorticographic study and led to detailed mapping of human cortex. Foster collaborated with Wilder Penfield and described histopathologic study of epileptogenic tissue in posttraumatic epilepsy. Penfield performed temporal lobectomy utilizing Foster’s method. Herbert Jasper’s work with Penfield at Montreal Institute led to increasing recognition of role of EEG and neurophysiologic tests in localization for Epilepsy surgery. Jasper’s report of no apparently structural abnormality but EEG abnormalities consolidated importance of neurophysiologic studies. Penfield with Maitland Baldwin published report favoring mesial over anterolateral subtotal temporal lobectomy (Penfield & Baldwin, 1952). In 1991, relatively large follow up study confirmed role of standard subtotal lobectomy without hipocampectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy(Feindel & Rasmussen, 1991). CONCLUSIONS: Evolving field of Epilepsy surgery has rich history of collaborative efforts between neurologist, neurosurgeon and bench scientist.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".