The Search for Hygienic Water in Uromi District: The Colonial Attempt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Access to hygienic water is becoming difficult by the day, especially in developing economies. The people of Uromi in the Esan or Ishan region of Nigeria find it challenging to access drinkable water even in the 21st century. The problem of water has been an issue in Uromi since the pre-colonial era. Before the imposition of British colonial rule in Nigeria, the Uromi people resulted to digging pits to trap running rain water as their main source of water, which of course was unhygienic. Colonial documents obtained from the National Archives Ibadan, Nigeria were analyzed and the findings reveal the spirited efforts made by the colonial regime to provide accessible and hygienic water for the people of Uromi. Although the colonial attempt was not very successful, because of the Uromi topography, yet, that attempt improved the quality of water available to the people. Key words: Hygienic; Colonial; Wells; Water Resume Acces a l'eau hygienique devient difficile de jour en jour, surtout dans les economies en developpement. Les habitants de la region Uromi Esan ou Ishan du Nigeria trouvent qu'il est difficile d'acceder a l'eau potable, meme dans le 21eme siecle. Le probleme de l'eau a ete un probleme dans Uromi depuis l'ere pre-coloniale. Avant l'imposition du regime colonial britannique au Nigeria, les gens Uromi abouti a creuser des fosses pour pieger l'eau courante pluie comme leur principale source d'eau, ce qui bien sur etait insalubre. Documents coloniaux obtenues a partir des Archives nationales d'Ibadan, au Nigeria ont ete analyses et les resultats revelent les efforts entrain faite par le regime colonial a fournir de l'eau accessible et hygieniques pour les gens de Uromi. Bien que la tentative coloniale n'a pas ete tres reussie, en raison de la topographie Uromi, pourtant, cette tentative a ameliore la qualite de l'eau a la disposition des gens. Mots cles: Hygiene; Colonial; Wells; Eau
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".