Divergent walleye (Sander vitreus)-mediated inducible defenses in the centrarchid pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Predation has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Evolutionary responses to diversifying selection include genetic differentiation, the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and the genetic differentiation of plastic responses between populations. We tested if pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) respond to predation cues by changing their external body form in functionally sensible ways. We then asked whether predation has influenced the divergence of coexisting littoral and pelagic ecomorphs, by testing for divergent predator-induced responses. Juvenile L. gibbosus of both ecomorphs were reared with and without predation cues supplied by walleye (Sander vitreus) feeding on L. gibbosus. Predation cues stimulated increased body depth and dorsal spine length, but no increase in anal spine length or pectoral fin size. The dorsal spines of pelagic ecomorphs also grew longer than did those of littoral ecomorphs, while positive body depth responses were similar in both ecomorphs. This is the second fish taxa in which predator-induced morphological responses have been found, and the first in which divergent responses have been detected between ecomorphs. This suggests that the developmental systems of L. gibbosus ecomorphs have diverged under selection related to predation. We propose that other ‘resource polymorphisms’ in fishes have evolved under selection arising from a variety of factors, including predation, and not just selection related to resource use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".