Neuropeptide Y family of peptides: Structure, anatomical expression, function, and molecular evolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships between neuroendocrine peptides are often difficult to resolve across divergent phyla due to independent duplication events in different lineages. Thanks to peptide purification and molecular cloning in many different species, the situation is beginning to clear for the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family, which also includes peptide YY (PYY), the tetrapod pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and the fish pancreatic peptide Y (PY). It has long been assumed that the first duplication to occur in vertebrate evolution generated NPY and PYY, as both of these are found in all gnathostomes as well as lamprey. Evidence from other gene families show that this duplication was probably a chromosome duplication event. The origin of a second PYY peptide found in lamprey remains to be explained. Our recent cloning of NPY, PYY and PY in the sea bass proves that fish PY is a separate gene product. We favour the hypothesis that PY is a duplicate of the PYY gene and that it may have occurred late in fish evolution, as PY has so far only been found in acanthomorph fishes. Thus, this duplication seems to be independent of the one that generate PP from PYY in tetrapods, although both tetrapod PP and fish PY are expressed in the pancreas. Studies in the sea bass and other fish show that PY, in contrast to PP, is expressed in the nervous system. We review the literature on the distribution and functional aspects of the various NPY-family peptides in vertebrates.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".