Bibliographic record
Abstract
??When in 1895 James Gale, a Canadian missionary, translated John Bunyan's Pilgrims Progress into Korean, with illustrations by Gisan(箕山) Kim Jun-guen (金俊根), the achievement marked one of the most important events in Korean mission history. The book has subsequently be-come a major publication covering missionary activities in Korea. ??In recent years, various scholarly works concerned with this translation have been published in the fields of Korean Language and Art History. But there hasn't been a noticable research on this book from theological perspective has appeared so far. ??Gale arrived in Choson in 1888 and spent the next three years learn-ing the Korean language and classics. In 1892, Gale initiated the translation of the New Testament and Pilgrim's Progress. In 1894, he requested Jun-geun Kim, a genre painter, to draw illustrations for the translation of Pilgrim's Progress. Finally, the Korean version of Pilgrim's Progress was published in 1895. ??In his work, Gale translated the words 'God' and the 'Lord' to Ha-ns-nim, the traditional name of god in Korean. Eleven years later, Hs-na-nim became the official name for God in the Korean protestant church. ??Apparently, Gale decided on the subjects and contents to be illustrated in the translation, asking Kim to draw these in a traditional Korean style. Thus, the British costume and the various scenery of the nineteenth century depicted in the original book of Pilgrim's Progress were replaced with the contemporary Korean illustrations. For example, the Korean-like Jesus is wearing Gat and Durumagi, the traditional hat and overcoat; the figure of angels with two wings in the original illustrations now appears as an indigenous celestial man or maiden; and the scenery of the Kingdom of Heaven appears as the equivalent Taoist paradise conceived in local religious imagination. ??In summary, Gale's work may be criticized as an example of immoderate - perhaps excessive - syncretism. But it should not be disregarded that the missionary's intent was to build a point of contact between the Gospel and the indigenous people without any understanding of Christianity. Thus, he took the decisive step to replace the unfamiliar concepts and symbols of the original book with indigenous ones in order to accommodate Korean symbols and the people's pride in their cultural heritage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.102 | 0.077 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".