Sediment and water quality limit mayfly survivorship in an urban lake undergoing remediation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Onondaga Lake is a highly perturbed system undergoing a large-scale remediation effort. The benthic macroinvertebrate community in the lake is degraded and lacks mayfly diversity. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Onondaga Lake water and sediment on survivorship of indicator mayfly species to determine the potential for colonization before and after remediation. We performed a survivorship experiment in situ by incubating mayfly nymphs, Stenonema femoratum, (n = 20) that were given either Onondaga Lake or reference lake sediment in Onondaga Lake or the reference lake. We repeated this study in the laboratory using burrowing mayflies, Hexagenia spp. (n = 100). S. femoratum that were incubated in Onondaga Lake with Onondaga Lake sediment yielded 0% survival after 24 h. On higher quality substrate, survival after 24 h increased to 80%, indicating that Onondaga Lake's sediment significantly decreased survival and that survivorship probability after sediment remediation may be increased. Water quality also negatively affected survival, however. Even when incubated on higher quality sediment in Onondaga Lake, no mayflies survived for 9 d. Similarly, in the lab, survivorship of Hexagenia nymphs after 15 d was significantly lower (52%) when exposed to both Onondaga Lake sediment and water compared to nymphs given reference sediment and water (88% survival). Results suggest that areas of the lake not included in sediment remediation plans may still be unsuitable for colonization of more sensitive benthic taxa and that areas undergoing sediment remediation may still not be suitable for sensitive species if water quality does not improve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".