ELECTRICAL ANISOTROPY AND BEDROCK FRACTURING: IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently EM-31 and ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were carried out over the Hartland landfill located just north of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The bedrock geology in the area of the landfill consists mainly of gneiss overlain by a thin layer (up to 2 m thick) of till. Outcrop in the area reveals the presence of fracture discontinuities throughout the bedrock. A ground and surface water monitoring program for the landfill has shown that contaminated groundwater escaped from the leachate containment and collection systems. Vertical-dipole EM-31 data collected every 2 m along east-west oriented lines spaced 10 m apart clearly outline the direction and extent of leachate propagation. Several approximately north-south conductive features (most likely associated with fractures) about 10 to 20 m in width are also visible. The conductivity of these features decreases with distance from the landfill, thus indicating conductive groundwater is flowing down-gradient. Dipping events that line up with the linear EM conductors can be seen on several east-west GPR profiles. Vertical-dipole azimuthal conductivity data were collected at a number of stations along these lines. Azimuthal conductivity data is obtained by rotating the line joining the transmitter and receiver coils about a vertical axis and taking readings at equal angles (in our case 15 degrees). Signal-to-noise was improved by using reciprocity, i.e using the fact the EM response should be the same when the transmitter and receiver coils are interchanged, and averaging responses separated by 180 degrees. Preliminary results indicate that azimuthal conductivity can vary by as much as 30% between maximum and minimum values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".