Herpes Zoster: the rationale for the introduction of vaccination in Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herpes Zoster (HZ) and its main complication, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), represent an important public health issue because of their relevant burden within older adult population and the actual suboptimal therapeutic management of the diseases. Incidences of HZ and PHN are comparable all over the world and are closely related with the population age. Epidemiological data collected in Italy about HZ and its complications confirmed the trend registered in North America and Europe. Moreover HZ related burden is exacerbated by a significant economic impact related to both direct and indirect costs. Since 2006 a live, attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccine, that contains VZV Oka strain [Zostavax, Merck & Co., Inc.], was licensed for the prevention of HZ and PHN in adults aged ≥ 60 years. Since 2011, the licensure has been extended to adults between 50 and 59 years. The vaccine has demonstrated a good immunogenicity, efficacy and safety profiles in two pivotal phase III clinical trials and the effectiveness was further confirmed after vaccine licensure. Pharmaco-economic studies concluded that HZ vaccine is cost-effective in most European countries and generally supported the economic value of this vaccination. The vaccine is actually recommended in USA, Canada and several European countries. The opportunity to reduce the burden of these diseases by the recommendation of HZ vaccination have been evaluated and suggested also in our Country and some Regions have been recently introduced the vaccine in their immunization plan. If the good results, already obtained with HZ vaccine in other countries, will be confirmed by these Italian pilot experiences, vaccination programs should be made uniform in all Country in order to ensure an equitable offer of this important preventive tool.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".